The answer
Hail causes localized "bruises" that dislodge ceramic granules, exposing the black asphalt/fiberglass substrate to UV decay. Wind breaks thermal sealant strips, lifting/creasing tabs. IBHS protocol evaluates 10x10 ft (100 sq ft) test squares (benchmarking 8+ hits/square). Process: Document with photos, install emergency tarps if leaking, get itemized contractor report, file claim, and have contractor attend adjuster inspection.
Sources
This answer is drawn from the standards and guidance below. It is general information about how these systems work — not a diagnosis of your property.